Side effects of delta 8 - Delta 8 THC Side Effects List #1: Anxiety (When Taking Too Much). We said that delta 8 seems to have anti-anxiety properties but taking too much could... #2: Dry Mouth. Delta8 could cause temporary dry mouth, for as long as the compound is active in the body. This is why... #3: Dry Eyes. Dry eyes ...

 
Dry mouth. One of the most common side effects of Delta-8-THC is dry mouth, also known as cottonmouth. This happens because Delta-8-THC can inhibit the production of saliva, leading to a dry, sticky mouth feeling. Drinking plenty of fluids and staying hydrated can help combat this side effect.. Cp

Jun 28, 2023 · Delta 8 may affect bladder control in dogs. This could lead to accidents and incontinence issues that can be distressing for both the dog and their owner. Furthermore, lethargy and dizziness are possible side effects of delta 8 in dogs. These symptoms can greatly impact a dog's overall well-being and quality of life. Contents [ hide] 1. Dry mouth. Delta 8 can cause temporary dry mouth in some users. This does not mean your body is dehydrated, but rather that your salivary glands have reduced saliva production. The effects will wear off when the compound stops being active in the body. 2. Dry eyes.No clinical trials studying the effects of delta 8 distillate usage via vaporization have yet to be conducted. You literally searched "Delta 8" which brought up a couple studies of short term effects as a treatment for some medical conditions, and a whole lot of studies regarding other chemicals that happen to have delta 8 in their names ... But, according to early research and some user reports, if you are looking to try delta-8, be aware of these possible side effects: -Dry mouth. -Increased appetite. -Anxiety and paranoia ...Mar 9, 2022 · Delta 8 THC Side Effects. Similarly to delta 9 THC, delta 8 THC may cause the following side effects: anxiety; increased heart rate; dry mouth; increased sensitivity of the five senses; Since delta 8 THC is synthetically produced, it is not always known what goes into the production process. The FDA has reported adverse effects after using ... Jul 10, 2021 · The effects of delta 8 THC are pleasant and, therefore, can become addictive even if used responsibly. Substances that provide an escape from reality and alleviate stress can become habit-forming. Delta 8 THC is no different from any other substance that alleviates discomfort and stress. Jun 22, 2023 · Low doses of delta 8 in less than 5 mg won’t cause mind-altering symptoms or common side effects of delta 9 THC. Standard Dose (10-20 mg): Mildly Psychoactive 10-20 mg is the most common amount amongst delta 8 THC consumers, who are already familiar with its effects and how their bodies respond to the compound. Sep 30, 2022 · Because delta-9 THC produces a stronger euphoric effect than delta-8 THC, there is a greater danger of overindulgence and negative side effects. Some delta-8 users, on the other hand, may ... Delta-8 THC produces psychoactive and intoxicating effects. Products containing concentrated amounts of delta-8 THC may contain harmful chemicals. Delta-8 THC should never be used by children or pets.Figure 1. Potential Health Effects of Delta-9 THC and CBD. 5,13. Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8 THC) is another increasingly available cannabinoid that has psychoactive effects. 14-15. Because it is found in cannabis plants in only trace amounts, it is typically synthesized from CBD by using chemicals. The manufacturing process may ...Yea The Kratom occupies opioid receptors in the stomach making bowel movements take longer and can add to stomach problems via things like Nausea. however I have had what you speak of without any opiates. So like you said it could be a bunch of things. The solution rub strong thc, cbd, or thca topicals on your stomach. Now, we can share the potential side effects of delta 10, because we have enough information to know that it shares many properties in common with delta 8. #1: Dry Mouth Dry mouth is a common side effect with any type of THC compound because tetrahydrocannabinol binds to the cannabinoid receptors within the salivary glands and causes them to ...Dec 1, 2022 · Physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for psychosis in relation to use of this compound. We present two cases, a 20-year-old and a 35-year-old, in whom the effects of Delta-8-THC were dramatic and consequential, leading to severe psychosis and lasting depression and suicidal ideation. There has been a remarkable increase in the ... Conclusion: The Safety of Delta 8. In conclusion, while delta-8 THC does carry potential risks and side effects, it can be considered relatively safe when used responsibly. Prioritize quality, adhere to recommended dosages, and consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns.Adverse events included, but were not limited to: hallucinations, vomiting, tremor, anxiety, dizziness, confusion, and loss of consciousness. National poison control centers received 2,362 exposure... What Are the Negative Side Effects of Delta 8 THC In Pets? Several unwanted side effects often crop up in pets that have taken THC. Most of them are minor, but some pets have complications. 1. THC Can Cause Stress. Delta 8 THC is revered for its lack of anxious side effects. While this is true in humans, it doesn’t appear to be the case for ...Delta 8 THC is the most commonly found cannabinoid due to its greater popularity and high potency. Delta 10 THC does not have the same medical benefits because of its lower levels. Also, Delta 8 THC can cause paranoia or anxiety, while Delta 10 THC has fewer reported side effects making it safer to use.Feb 11, 2022 · Delta-8 THC produces psychoactive and intoxicating effects. Products containing concentrated amounts of delta-8 THC may contain harmful chemicals. Delta-8 THC should never be used by children or pets. Jun 3, 2023 · In summary, these are the effects that you can expect after consuming a Delta 8 infused product: Clear-headed high. Better focus and concentration. Feelings of relaxation, comfort, and calmness. Improved appetite. Most will describe taking Delta 8 as a very pleasant and uplifting experience. The duration of Delta 8 THC depends on several factors. Larger doses typically cause stronger and more lasting effects, especially when it comes to tinctures and edibles. The method of consumption also affects how long the effects of Delta 8 THC can last. The biggest contributing factor will be yourself. Sometimes a smaller dose may affect you ...Jul 13, 2023 · Delta 8 causes the salivary glands to slow production. The consistency of your saliva may also change, becoming thicker and more sticky. Although this side effect is one of the most common, it’s short-lasting and mild. Cotton mouth will usually fade alongside the psychoactive effects of delta 8 THC. Nov 30, 2021 · The chances of Delta-8 causing a chronic case of vertigo are incredibly low, but it is possible that Delta-8 could cause a mild case of dizziness. Typically, just maintaining proper hydration and paying attention to your Delta-8 dosage can reduce the chance of experiencing these side effects. Also make sure that the Delta-8-THC product you ... Healthline states that “Because delta-8 is so similar to delta-9 THC, it produces some of the same side effects, like: red eyes, dry mouth, rapid heart rate, trouble with coordination, slowed reaction times, anxiety, and memory loss.”. Past that, consuming untrustworthy Delta 8 products might cause some light physical ailments, or ... Aug 22, 2023 · Conclusion: The Safety of Delta 8. In conclusion, while delta-8 THC does carry potential risks and side effects, it can be considered relatively safe when used responsibly. Prioritize quality, adhere to recommended dosages, and consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns. Jan 5, 2023 · Tip #6: Avoid Alcohol. Alcohol is known to interact with many medications, so avoid drinking alcohol if you are already taking both delta-8 and a prescription drug. While there is a lot that we do not know about delta-8 THC, it is better to be a bit more cautious rather than regret your choices. If you are taking prescription medications, talk ... Each gummy jar from Just Delta comes with 250mg and 1000mg, each infused with 25mg of Delta-8 THC. Allow yourself to be thrilled by the exquisite selection of Delta 8 gummies from Just Delta. Embarking on this tranquil journey with Just Delta might require patience, as the effects take time to work but remain for an extended duration. Each gummy jar from Just Delta comes with 250mg and 1000mg, each infused with 25mg of Delta-8 THC. Allow yourself to be thrilled by the exquisite selection of Delta 8 gummies from Just Delta. Embarking on this tranquil journey with Just Delta might require patience, as the effects take time to work but remain for an extended duration.Mar 3, 2023 · Delta-8 THC is a psychoactive and intoxicating cannabinoid that is synthetically produced as a byproduct from CBD or delta-9 THC. Consumption often leads to a more mild “high” than delta-9 THC ... Tip #6: Avoid Alcohol. Alcohol is known to interact with many medications, so avoid drinking alcohol if you are already taking both delta-8 and a prescription drug. While there is a lot that we do not know about delta-8 THC, it is better to be a bit more cautious rather than regret your choices. If you are taking prescription medications, talk ...Individuals who consume delta 8 may also experience red eyes due to blood vessel dilation in the eyes. While these side effects are temporary and typically subside after a few hours, they can still cause discomfort for some users. Another potential side effect of both delta 8 and real weed is drowsiness.Delta 8 can be beneficial due to its potential benefits: Help soothe an upset stomach. Provide a boost in appetite. Alleviate aches, soreness, and general physical discomfort. Stimulate proper digestion. Boost and uplift your mood. Support calmness and overall wellbeing. Assist in improving quality of sleep.Oct 25, 2022 · Delta 9 can cause severe hallucinations and delusions. The drug’s effects can last up to 12 hours, and users often report feeling out of control and disconnected from reality. The drug can bring many physical side effects, including increased heart rate, blood pressure, and panic attacks. Because of its potent effects, delta 9 has been a ... Jun 3, 2023 · In summary, these are the effects that you can expect after consuming a Delta 8 infused product: Clear-headed high. Better focus and concentration. Feelings of relaxation, comfort, and calmness. Improved appetite. Most will describe taking Delta 8 as a very pleasant and uplifting experience. In summary, these are the effects that you can expect after consuming a Delta 8 infused product: Clear-headed high. Better focus and concentration. Feelings of relaxation, comfort, and calmness. Improved appetite. Most will describe taking Delta 8 as a very pleasant and uplifting experience.Users prefer delta-8 over delta-9 THC due to its smooth high and negligible side effects. It also serves as a more appealing option of the two. After consuming delta-8 gummies, it takes ...Jun 3, 2023 · Does Delta 8 have side effects? For most people, the delta 8 high is mellow and relaxing. However, this assumes that the user is taking a moderate amount. Taking too much delta 8 can cause a wide range of side effects. The good news is that they’re mostly mild and are rarely dangerous or life-threatening. It found that delta 8 could have the following effects: visual distortions. euphoria. relaxation. difficulties with thinking and speaking. More recently, a 2021 study surveyed delta 8 users. About ...Healthline states that “Because delta-8 is so similar to delta-9 THC, it produces some of the same side effects, like: red eyes, dry mouth, rapid heart rate, trouble with coordination, slowed reaction times, anxiety, and memory loss.”. Past that, consuming untrustworthy Delta 8 products might cause some light physical ailments, or ...Why are people using it? A survey of delta-8 users backs this up, with respondents reporting feeling less paranoid, less anxious and having a “nicer” high compared with delta-9-THC. The most...However, if you have consumed too much Delta-8, you could potentially experience the following adverse effects: Trouble Concentrating: Delta-8 has a rep for helping users focus. If you’re having trouble concentrating, you may have taken too much. Too Much of a Head or Body High: If you feel couch-locked or like you have too intense of a head ...But, according to early research and some user reports, if you are looking to try delta-8, be aware of these possible side effects: -Dry mouth. -Increased appetite. -Anxiety and paranoia ...Jun 3, 2023 · In summary, these are the effects that you can expect after consuming a Delta 8 infused product: Clear-headed high. Better focus and concentration. Feelings of relaxation, comfort, and calmness. Improved appetite. Most will describe taking Delta 8 as a very pleasant and uplifting experience. Dryness of mouth: Among all the side effects of consuming vape carts, dryness of the mouth or cottonmouth is the most common. In this side effect, you tend to feel dehydrated or desiccated because the delta-8 component is active in your body. To avoid this situation, a lot of people drink gallons and gallons of water.Delta-8 THC produces psychoactive and intoxicating effects. Products containing concentrated amounts of delta-8 THC may contain harmful chemicals. Delta-8 THC should never be used by children or pets.However, if you have consumed too much Delta-8, you could potentially experience the following adverse effects: Trouble Concentrating: Delta-8 has a rep for helping users focus. If you’re having trouble concentrating, you may have taken too much. Too Much of a Head or Body High: If you feel couch-locked or like you have too intense of a head ...Jun 22, 2023 · Low doses of delta 8 in less than 5 mg won’t cause mind-altering symptoms or common side effects of delta 9 THC. Standard Dose (10-20 mg): Mildly Psychoactive 10-20 mg is the most common amount amongst delta 8 THC consumers, who are already familiar with its effects and how their bodies respond to the compound. High doses of delta-8 may cause discomfort and temporary side effects. While overdosing on delta-8 is unlikely, consuming high doses can still lead to some temporary side effects and discomfort. It's important to note that these effects are generally mild and subside relatively quickly as the compound leaves your system.Jun 5, 2022 · Consuming delta-8 can lead to many unintended side effects, including psychosis. Psychosis can occur due to the regular consumption of cannabis products and can even trigger long-lasting mental health conditions. The risks of delta-8 THC are varied and not worth the potential adverse effects that it can have on your health. Sep 15, 2021 · If someone ingests a large amount of delta-8, they might experience lethargy, slurred speech, changes in heart rate, uncoordinated movements, sedation, and even coma, the CDC says. Depending on a ... Because delta-8 is a form of THC, it has psychoactive effects and can get you high. While it’s ...Delta-8’s prevalence in live cannabis is minimal. It is usually created when delta-9 THC breaks down through a process known as oxidization or isomerization. In fact, delta-8 THC is a much more stable compound, unlike delta-9 THC that easily gets oxidized to form cannabinol (CBN) or delta-8-THC. You can call delta-8 delta-9 THC’s younger ...Why are people using it? A survey of delta-8 users backs this up, with respondents reporting feeling less paranoid, less anxious and having a “nicer” high compared with delta-9-THC. The most...CHARLESTON, W.Va. (WSAZ) - The West Virginia Poison Center is warning citizens about the dangers of Delta-8-THC. This is a drug that’s being sold as fruit flavored gummies and vaping solutions ...Delta 8 Benefits. Delta 8 produces mild feelings of euphoria and relaxation. It can potentially help with swelling and discomfort. For those sensitive, to the intense effects, Delta 9 can induce, Delta 8 is milder and should not cause any paranoia. Congruently, D8 may prevent queasiness and a disrupted stomach.No clinical trials studying the effects of delta 8 distillate usage via vaporization have yet to be conducted. You literally searched "Delta 8" which brought up a couple studies of short term effects as a treatment for some medical conditions, and a whole lot of studies regarding other chemicals that happen to have delta 8 in their names ... Dry mouth and red eyes are two common side effects of Delta 8. These are caused by the cannabinoids in Delta 8 binding to receptors in the body that control saliva production and blood flow to the eyes. Delta 8 can also cause dizziness, anxiety, paranoia, and headaches in some people.Figure 1. Potential Health Effects of Delta-9 THC and CBD. 5,13. Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8 THC) is another increasingly available cannabinoid that has psychoactive effects. 14-15. Because it is found in cannabis plants in only trace amounts, it is typically synthesized from CBD by using chemicals. The manufacturing process may ...The “8” in delta-8 stands for the placement of a chemical bond, one step over from where it sits in delta-9. Its structural similarity allows it to have similar effects. However, there are key differences. Delta-8 can be smoked in cartridges similar to standard cartridges bought for detla-9 or CBD. photo credit.Dry mouth and red eyes are two common side effects of Delta 8. These are caused by the cannabinoids in Delta 8 binding to receptors in the body that control saliva production and blood flow to the eyes. Delta 8 can also cause dizziness, anxiety, paranoia, and headaches in some people.Jun 7, 2023 · Because delta-8 is a form of THC, it has psychoactive effects and can get you high. While it’s ... Delta-8 comes in the form of gummies, vape pens, and oils. These products are NOT approved or regulated by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA). It’s important to keep delta-8 products out of the reach of children and pets. “Delta-8 products can cause severe side effects such as paranoia, hallucinations, vomiting (very common), tremor ...tbh delta 8 gives me the shits more times than not. whether that be dabbing it or hitting the pen, i almost always need to shit after smoking. makes my stomach hurt sometimes. that happened rarely with me when i was smoking delta 9, but not often. other than that, i haven’t had any other side effects. it makes me cough way more than delta 9 ... Delta-8 THC is a psychoactive and intoxicating cannabinoid that is synthetically produced as a byproduct from CBD or delta-9 THC. Consumption often leads to a more mild “high” than delta-9 THC ...Delta 8 THC Softgel Capsules – 2/3 Hour Effects; Delta 8 THC Tinctures – 2-4 Hour Effects; Delta 8 THC Gummies (Most) – 4-6 Hour Effects; This is the Delta 8 product potency guide based on strength, average hours effects last for, and how powerful the effects hit your body. Delta 8 vape cartridges are at the bottom, with a fast reaction ...With delta-8 expected to have less intense effects than traditional THC, I decided to try them in separate doses of 50mg and 100mg, or two and four gummies, respectively. Activation time on the ...A few short-term side effects are associated with delta 8 THC, but they’re similar to those involved in using delta 9 THC. Everybody reacts differently to tetrahydrocannabinol; some people might be more sensitive to its cognitive effects. The main short-term side effects of delta 8 THC include: Dry mouth. Problems with coordination.Delta-8 comes in the form of gummies, vape pens, and oils. These products are NOT approved or regulated by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA). It’s important to keep delta-8 products out of the reach of children and pets. “Delta-8 products can cause severe side effects such as paranoia, hallucinations, vomiting (very common), tremor ...A consumer update issued by the FDA in 2021, warned of delta-8 THC’s serious health risks after receiving 104 reports of adverse events from delta-8 use. Reports from December 2020 through July 2021 involved 22 individuals, some reported hallucinations, vomiting, difficulty standing, and passing out after consuming delta-8 THC products. Some ...Delta-9 is a chemical in cannabis and hemp plants. It can have an intoxicating effect and may cause some side effects. Juan Moyano/Stocksy United. Cannabis and hemp plants consist of dozens of ...Both produce a euphoric, fuzzy feeling, but Delta-8 causes a milder high. In fact, Delta-8 is often referred to as “marijuana-lite” or “diet weed.” Other common THC side effects like...Jun 29, 2021 · But, like delta-9 THC, consuming too much can lead to unwelcome side effects: lethargy, low heart rate, and other signs of being uncomfortably high. In the legal cannabis industry, delta-8 ... With delta-8 expected to have less intense effects than traditional THC, I decided to try them in separate doses of 50mg and 100mg, or two and four gummies, respectively. Activation time on the ...Each gummy jar from Just Delta comes with 250mg and 1000mg, each infused with 25mg of Delta-8 THC. Allow yourself to be thrilled by the exquisite selection of Delta 8 gummies from Just Delta. Embarking on this tranquil journey with Just Delta might require patience, as the effects take time to work but remain for an extended duration. U.S. health officials are warning about the potential dangers of "delta-8 THC," a compound derived from marijuana, after seeing an increase in hospitalizations tied to the substance. On Tuesday ...Jun 23, 2023 · How Long Do I Need to Wait for the Effects of Delta 8 THC? The effects of delta 8 THC usually take hold within 10–20 minutes when vaporized; 1–1.5 hours if you take a delta 8 THC tincture; and 2–3 hours when you take oral forms such as capsules or gummies. Delta 8 THC works similarly to any other cannabinoid-based product. Individuals who consume delta 8 may also experience red eyes due to blood vessel dilation in the eyes. While these side effects are temporary and typically subside after a few hours, they can still cause discomfort for some users. Another potential side effect of both delta 8 and real weed is drowsiness.Potential Benefits. Making general statements about whether using cannabis is good or bad doesn’t paint an accurate picture of delta-8 THC or delta-9 THC, says Dave Gordon, M.D., a double-board ...Apr 15, 2023 · But, according to early research and some user reports, if you are looking to try delta-8, be aware of these possible side effects: -Dry mouth. -Increased appetite. -Anxiety and paranoia ... Some of the side effects associated with delta-8 include: Dry mouth. Vomiting. Trouble standing. Loss of consciousness. Memory loss. Hallucinations. Trouble with coordination. Changes in appetite and weight.Delta-8 Side Effects: 14 Common Adverse Reactions to Delta-8 THC Products 1. Dry Mouth. Delta-8 THC can trigger the “cottonmouth” effect, just like delta-9 THC. This side effect is the same... 2. Red Eyes. This side effect is typical of all THC isomers. When delta-8 enters the bloodstream, it ...Oct 6, 2022 · Delta-9 is a chemical in cannabis and hemp plants. It can have an intoxicating effect and may cause some side effects. Juan Moyano/Stocksy United. Cannabis and hemp plants consist of dozens of ... Possible Side Effects of Delta 8 THC. The delta 8 THC high feels mellow, and the list of health benefits is impressive, to say the least. That being said, consuming too much delta 8 can trigger some mild side effects, including: Red eyes. Dry mouth.Delta 8 can be beneficial due to its potential benefits: Help soothe an upset stomach. Provide a boost in appetite. Alleviate aches, soreness, and general physical discomfort. Stimulate proper digestion. Boost and uplift your mood. Support calmness and overall wellbeing. Assist in improving quality of sleep.Because delta-9 THC produces a stronger euphoric effect than delta-8 THC, there is a greater danger of overindulgence and negative side effects. Some delta-8 users, on the other hand, may ...

It found that delta 8 could have the following effects: visual distortions. euphoria. relaxation. difficulties with thinking and speaking. More recently, a 2021 study surveyed delta 8 users. About .... Rich altman

side effects of delta 8

Sep 30, 2022 · Because delta-9 THC produces a stronger euphoric effect than delta-8 THC, there is a greater danger of overindulgence and negative side effects. Some delta-8 users, on the other hand, may ... Feb 11, 2022 · Delta-8 THC produces psychoactive and intoxicating effects. Products containing concentrated amounts of delta-8 THC may contain harmful chemicals. Delta-8 THC should never be used by children or pets. Delta-8 is very similar to traditional Delta-9-THC, so it may have many of the same benefits and drawbacks. Delta-8 side effects are mild and usually rare and can often be linked to incorrect dosage or a poor quality product. The most common side effects include dry eyes and mouth, increased thirst and appetite, and tiredness.Potential Benefits. Making general statements about whether using cannabis is good or bad doesn’t paint an accurate picture of delta-8 THC or delta-9 THC, says Dave Gordon, M.D., a double-board ...The regular intoxicating dose of delta 8 THC is estimated at 5–30 mg per serving. The typical dosage range of delta 8 THC is between 10 mg and 60 mg. Most people feel moderately intoxicated after taking 20, 25, or 30 mg doses. Amounts between 1–5 mg are good for lightweight users and microdosers.Sep 1, 2023 · High doses of delta-8 may cause discomfort and temporary side effects. While overdosing on delta-8 is unlikely, consuming high doses can still lead to some temporary side effects and discomfort. It's important to note that these effects are generally mild and subside relatively quickly as the compound leaves your system. Delta 8 THC Side Effects List #1: Anxiety (When Taking Too Much). We said that delta 8 seems to have anti-anxiety properties but taking too much could... #2: Dry Mouth. Delta8 could cause temporary dry mouth, for as long as the compound is active in the body. This is why... #3: Dry Eyes. Dry eyes ...Delta-8’s prevalence in live cannabis is minimal. It is usually created when delta-9 THC breaks down through a process known as oxidization or isomerization. In fact, delta-8 THC is a much more stable compound, unlike delta-9 THC that easily gets oxidized to form cannabinol (CBN) or delta-8-THC. You can call delta-8 delta-9 THC’s younger ... Jun 5, 2022 · Consuming delta-8 can lead to many unintended side effects, including psychosis. Psychosis can occur due to the regular consumption of cannabis products and can even trigger long-lasting mental health conditions. The risks of delta-8 THC are varied and not worth the potential adverse effects that it can have on your health. CHARLESTON, W.Va. (WSAZ) - The West Virginia Poison Center is warning citizens about the dangers of Delta-8-THC. This is a drug that’s being sold as fruit flavored gummies and vaping solutions ...Feb 11, 2022 · Delta-8 THC produces psychoactive and intoxicating effects. Products containing concentrated amounts of delta-8 THC may contain harmful chemicals. Delta-8 THC should never be used by children or pets. The “8” in delta-8 stands for the placement of a chemical bond, one step over from where it sits in delta-9. Its structural similarity allows it to have similar effects. However, there are key differences. Delta-8 can be smoked in cartridges similar to standard cartridges bought for detla-9 or CBD. photo credit.Dry mouth. One of the most common side effects of Delta-8-THC is dry mouth, also known as cottonmouth. This happens because Delta-8-THC can inhibit the production of saliva, leading to a dry, sticky mouth feeling. Drinking plenty of fluids and staying hydrated can help combat this side effect.Oct 6, 2022 · Delta-9 is a chemical in cannabis and hemp plants. It can have an intoxicating effect and may cause some side effects. Juan Moyano/Stocksy United. Cannabis and hemp plants consist of dozens of ... .

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